什么是社会结构？逃不出这四大定义和理论！

【本专辑预告】

第100期 什么是能动性？（AJS, 1998）

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Porpora,Douglas V. 1989. “Four Concepts of Social Structure.” Journal for the Theoryof Social Behaviour 19 (2): 195–211.【这个刊物好像喜欢刊一些比较新颖的理论脉动】

Porpora说，社会结构只有下面四种定义

1.历久亦稳的累积性行动的模式

——Patternsof aggregate behavior that are stable over time

2.Lawlike regularities that govern the behavior of social facts

————能够掌控社会事实式行为的法则式常规性

3.Systems of human relationships among social positions

——依于社会位置中人类关系所构成的系统

4.Collective rules and resources that structure behavior

——能够使行为得以结构化的集体规则与资源

1. 历久亦稳的累积性行动的模式

——Patterns of aggregate behavior that are stable over time

理论特点：structure is conceived as a form of behavior-stable or repeatedbehavior.

方法特点：methodological individualist approach/reductionist

——自下而上的解释：attempts to explain phenomenafrom the bottom up

——反对抽象/无因果力的结构观：if social structure is just an abstraction, social structure cannotbe much of an independent variable; abstractions do not exhibit causal forces.Consequently, macrosocial structure is largely epiphenomenal.

代表：symbolicinteractionists, Collins(1981)

问题：不能解释宏观现象

——unable to explain a wide range of macrosocial phenomenasuch as deindustrialization, power and
economic crisis.

2. Lawlike regularities that govern the behavior of social facts

——能够掌控社会事实式行为的法则式常规性

理论特点：整全取向

——It fosters a holistic approach to sociology/it representssocial structure as something entirely devoid of the influence of human agency.

方法特点：实证主义的覆盖律取向

——the positivist covering law model of explanation/theregularities are simply out there to be found without the aid of theory and inits strong affinity with the positivist covering law model of explanation.

代表：StructuralSociologists-theorists like Blau ( 1970;1977),Mayhew(1980)and Turner (1984)/quantitative, positivist andsociologically holist.

问题：cannot achieve its own stated goals.

3.Systems of human relationships among social positions

——依于社会位置中人类关系所构成的系统

理论特点：讲因果机制

——interprets social structure as a causal mechanismconstituted by relationships amongsocial positions that accounts for social phenomena in terms of tendencies,strains and forces inherent in the nexus of those relationships.

方法特点：后实证主义的实在论post-positivist philosophy of science advocated by the so-calledrealists

——用结构解释属性I t follows on the realist view that science has two tasks: toexplain the causal properties of each entity in terms of its internal structure

——用机制解释事件to explain the occurrence of particular events in terms of conjuncturesof the causal properties of various interacting mechanisms.

代表：马克思式tradition, it also has adherents among symbolic interactionistsand network theorists

4.Collective rules and resources that structure behavior

——能够使行为得以结构化的集体规则与资源

理论特点：in terms of shared rules，研究的是the rule-following activity of humanactors，因此也可以说是cultural structuring rather than social structuring

——如果说第三种定义是社会的确切的组织，那么第四种就是社会的组织之原则。the actual organization of society

——对agents假定是有tacit knowledge。Giddens considers to bestructure all depend for their existence on their at least tacit acknowledgementby the participating agents.

方法特点：

——关系无因果作用力，结构非关系：For Giddens, such patterns of relationships do not themselvesconstitute social structure.

——批评吉登式其实是subjectivism

代表：ethnomethodologists,some symbolic interactionists, and other sociologists who employ a linguisticmodel to conceptualize social structure.Giddens(1979,1981,1984)

问题：reducingthe organizational features of society to an epiphenomenon of human behavior

（Sociological理论大缸第99期）

词条：8个

【Fri.Dictionary】什么是现代化（modernization ）—美国的阴谋！【第46期】

【Fri. Dictionary】什么是制度？《牛津简明社会学词典》词条译文【第44期】

【Fri. Dictionary】什么是社会运动（social movement）？【第41期】

【Friday Dictionary】什么是能动性（agency）？【第38期】

【Friday Dictionary】什么是社会秩序（Social Order）【第36期】

什么是集体表象（collective representations）【第33期】

【Friday Dictionary】什么是结构（Structure）【第30期】

【Friday-Dictionary】什么是“常人方法学”【第27期】

【词典如此重要】我们需要一本像样的英汉社会学词典【第24期】